Optimizing the best methods to enhancement of SEED germination and early SEEDling growth of Hypericum perforatum L. an experiment was conducted in Shahrekord University in two stages. In the first stage, a factorial experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with four replications in SEED science and Technology lab, Faculty of Agriculture. Treatments consisted osmopriming with PEG in five levels (0,-3,-6,-9 and-12 bar) as first factor and application of GA in four levels (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) as second factor. results showed that PEG-12 bar + GA 1000 ppm with an average of 91. 5% ranked the highest percentage of germination which had no significant difference with PEG-9 bar + GA 1500 ppm and PEG-9 bar + GA 1000 ppm respectively with the germination percentage average 88 and 88. 5%, while the control SEED with an average (53. 5%) had the lowest percentage of germination. As well as combination treatments PEG-9 bar + GA 1000 ppm increased SEEDling length, SEEDling dry weight and SEED vigor and increased them respectively as by as 1. 19, 1. 3, 1. 96 and 2. 14 times than control. The second experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouses conditions, and treatments consisted of the best treatments of first experiment and control. In greenhouse conditions osmopriming PEG-12 bar and application of GA 1000 ppm with an average of 82% ranked the highest percentage of EMERGENCE which had better performance than the control with an average of 41. 33 %. Finally to enhance SEED performance of medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L., it could be recommended osmopriming with PEG-12 bar and application of GA 1000 ppm or PEG-9 bar + GA 1000 ppm.

Mechanized planting is the first step in mechanization of different stages of agricultural crops planting and processing. In order to evaluation different planter parameters for mechanized Canola planting, this project was conducted. Experimental treatments consisted of: Planting method with grass SEEDer, planting method with SEED drill without cover, planting with ordinary SEED drill, pneumatic planter with special press wheel, pneumatic planter with oblique press wheel. The workshop tests were conducted upon the metering system of the pneumatic planter as well as SEED drill at four different forward speeds. The results indicated that metering systems of the two machines were dependent on forward speed. Field tests were conducted using randomized complete block design. The number of plants per unit area for five treatments and planting depth for SEED drill treatments and pneumatic planter treatments, were significantly affected by planting methods. Field test observation indicated the equidistant distribution of SEEDs with the pneumatic planter treatments and optimized planting depth with the SEED drill without covering mechanism.

There are some computer programs to calculate germination related traits such as Germin which have using problems. The aim of this work was to adjust Germin for calculating germination related traits. SEED aging effects on the SEEDling EMERGENCE was modeled using the optimized Germin. This study was conducted based on completely randomized design in a factorial combination of five SEEDs aging treatments (0, 48, 72, 96 and 144h accelerated aging periods) and 3 levels of environmental factors. Results indicated that Chapman-Richards function adequately described cumulative EMERGENCE in all aging treatments and three environmental conditions. EMERGENCE percentage and rate were decreased by SEED aging periods from 145 to 194oC day. Results showed that observed thermal time for EMERGENCE increased as accelerated ageing periods increased and drought stress resulted in increased thermal time. For example, thermal time increased to 240oC day in 144h accelerated aged SEEDs in severe drought. Results indicated that with increasing thermal time in optimum condition, thermal time would increase linearly in the drought stress. Optimized program could calculate germination related traits. Therefore, it is recommended to use the optimized Germin in SEED science research.

Hydrotime analysis of SEED lots allows them to be ranked them according to their potential for successful EMERGENCE. An experiment was done on 10 wheat SEED lots (N-80-19 cv) to evaluate water potential for determining SEED vigor by hydrotime analysis in research field and SEED research laboratory on the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. SEED lots were planted in complete block design whit three replications in field. Water potential was created with PEG6000 at seven levels (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5, and -1.8 MPa). Maximum germination percent for all SEED lots were same. Because there were significant differences in maximum EMERGENCE percent in field for SEED lots it was demonstrated that SEED lots vigor were significantly different. According to hydrotime model's parameters, the SEED lots that had more EMERGENCE their hydrotime constant (qH) were lower, but their base water potential (yb(50)) were higher. Uniformity constant (syb) for all SEED lots were same. Unlike the maximum germination percent result, the hydrotime model output results showed that there is difference in terms of SEED lots vigor among this study's SEED lots. This study results demonstrate that hydrotime model has a great ability in determining wheat SEED lots vigor. This model can predict EMERGENCE percentage in stressful situations.

An experiment was conducted using a wheat cultivar (Zagros), three sowing depth (4,8, and 12 cm) and three soil salinity levels (0, 7.5 and 15 dsm-1) in 1384. The experimental design was a completely randomized with factorial arrangement and 3 replications. The results indicated that salt stress, sowing depth and the interaction effect of both studied factors were significant on SEEDling growth characteristics, including the time to EMERGENCE beginning,, the time to %90 EMERGENCE, rate and maximum percentage of EMERGENCE. Increasing of salt severity and sowing depth caused delayed the time EMERGENCE, while EMERGENCE rate and percentage emergency decreased. The highest value of EMERGENCE percentage (%85 for control treatment) decreased to less than 81 and %62 for salinity levels of 7.5 and 15 dsm-1 respectively. The highest value of EMERGENCE percentage (92% for 4 cm sowing depth) decreased to 83 and %54 for sowing depth of8 and 12 cm respectively. The interaction effect of salt stress and sowing depth showed a negative synergistic effect as the highest value of EMERGENCE percentage of 12 cm sowing depth (%80 in control) decreased to 65 and %42 for salinity levels of 7.5 and 15 dsm-1 respectively. In general, the effect of increasing salinity severity and sowing depth on EMERGENCE characteristics was negative. This effect was more when the effect of both studied factors was considered, simultaneous. There for, it seems that, the selecting proper sowing depth is a determinant factor to optimize the wheat cultivation in saline lands. Also, in same circumstances which we have to put the grains in deeper depth (for example in water deficiency situations in the soil surface), it is better to increase SEED rate to prevent decreasing of plant density from advised density.

Ceratocarpus arenarius L. is one of the problematic and noxious weeds in dryland farming of wheat, barley, lentil and peas in north of Khorasan. In order to determine the effects of temperature, light, salinity and drought stress and burial depth on SEED germination and SEEDling EMERGENCE of this species, experiments were conducted in the Research Laboratory of Birjand Faculty of Agriculture. Ceratocarpus SEEDs had identical germination in either light/dark and continuous dark regimes, indicating this weed species is non-photoblastic. SEEDs germinated over 85% in the range of alternating day/night temperatures (20/10, 25/15 and 30/20oC) and the maximum germinability (96%) was observed at 25/15oC. Ceratocarpus arenarius SEEDs maintained their germinability at high levels of salinity and drought stress, so that at NaCl concentration of 800 mM and osmotic potential of -1 MPa SEED germination was 20 and 25%, respectively, indicating this species is tolerant to salinity and drought stress. SEEDlings could emerge from a range of burial depth from 0 to 6cm and maximum EMERGENCE (94%) was observed from SEEDs planted on the soil surface covered with 3 layers of filter paper. This shows that minimum- and no-till systems would increase SEEDling EMERGENCE of this species through keeping crop residues on the soil surface.

In reforestation programs knowledge of SEED morphological and germination characteristics of tree species is necessary. This paper aims to investigate the effects of SEED source altitude of Fraxinus rotundifoliasubsp. Rotundifolia on morphological properties, viability and germination traits of it SEEDs.Thus, the SEEDs of three natural habitats in Boyer-Ahmad were collected and then, cultivated in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that the effects of altitude of SEED source on the morphological traits, viability and germination traits were meaningful. In Sepidar, Vezg and Mahparviz habitats, the one thousand grain weight of ash SEEDs were given as 66.9, 59.4 and 59.1 g respectively. Viability of ash SEEDs in three mentioned habitats was estimated as 95, 90 and 82.3%. The most and least SEED germination amounts given as 50.8 and 31.6% were related to Sepidar and Mahparviz SEED origins, respectively. Correlation results have demonstrated that the altitude of SEED source has a negative relationship with more morphological traits, viability, and EMERGENCE percent, whereas it is of a positive and meaningful relationship with mean of time EMERGENCE. Generally, research findings put emphasis on the necessity of considering the altitude of SEED source and some traits including one thousand grain weight and viability in the forestation programs.

Present study examines whether there is any beneficial effect of magnetized water application on SEEDling EMERGENCE of maize SEEDs. Water from various sources like tap water, saline water (1, 500 ppm), canal water, and sewerage water was treated magnetically by passing it through 235 mT magnetic fields at 3 lpm flow rate. SEEDs were soaked in water for 24 hours and planted in sand culture. Number of SEEDling emerged were counted on daily basis while growth data was measured 15 days after planting.EMERGENCE indicators like EMERGENCE Index (EI), EMERGENCE Rate Index (ERI) and Mean EMERGENCE Time (MET) were used to evaluate the germination of maize SEED. Results of the present study revealed that application of magnetized water promoted the germination of maize SEEDs. EMERGENCE index and EMERGENCE rate index values increased from 5.50 to 8.92 and 10.06 to 12.84 and the mean EMERGENCE time was reduced 17.90% for magnetized sewerage water in contrast to non-magnetized. Magnetized water treatment showed faster and heavier growth in all water types. Overall, the maximum increase in length and weight of emerged SEEDlings was noted with magnetized sewerage water. Since the results are based on limited laboratory scale study, further testing of magnetized water application in irrigated environment is suggested before making any concrete recommendations.